Thyroid gland

Thyroid gland (thyroid) is also called Adam's Apples, located on the front of the neck region. This gland produces hormones that also matches the name of the glans, which regulate the body's metabolic functions.
Thyroid hormone is important in regulating the body's energy, the use of vitamins and other hormones and growth and maturation of body tissues. Thyroid disease (PKG) could result from a lack of hormone production (hypothyroidism) or excess production of hormones (hyperthyroidism).

Hypothyroidism in pregnancy
The diagnosis is difficult because women with hypothyroidism are usually difficult pregnancy (fertility problems). Diagnosis based on clinical is also difficult because the clinical gejala2 hipotyroid such as fatigue, weight gain, tingling etc are also found in other normal pregnant women.

Hypothyroidism in pregnancy is not diagnosed, increasing the risk of fetal death (stillbirth) or impaired fetal growth. Also increases the risk of maternal anemia (anemia), eclampsia (high blood pressure plus seizures) and loss ari2 prematurely (solusio placenta).

Perhaps the largest group of women who will have hypothyroidism in pregnancy are those who are undergoing treatment / thyroid replacement therapy. Thyroxine dose during pregnancy should ideally be increased 25-50% during pregnancy. For that we need to do regular checks of T4 and TSH levels during pregnancy.

Hyperthyroidism in pregnancy.
The diagnosis of hyperthyroidism in pregnancy is 1 in 2000 pregnancies. If hyperthyroid mild, the clinical symptoms is unclear, because pregnant women are also experiencing the same symptoms. However, if you have symptoms of significant weight loss, muntah2 and increased blood pressure and pulse (persistent), should do blood tests will be of hyperthyroidism. Untreated hyperthyroidism can lead to weight gain less / low.

Treatment of hyperthyroidism in pregnancy is used obat2an like Propylthiouracil (PTU) or methimazole (Tapazole) which is the drug of first layer (first line). Both of these drugs as well as efekifitas not increase the risk of side effects if taken during pregnancy.

Iodine can be entered through the placenta, so its use to scan these glands are prohibited during pregnancy. One positive thing in pregnant women with hyperthyroidism is Grave's disease or improvement in Hashimoto's thyroiditis when pregnancy.

Mumps after childbirth.
Some women may experience inflammation of the thyroid that occurs within 3-6 months after birth. Can also occur after a miscarriage. Preliminary description of the classic clinical symptoms of hypo-normo finally continued hyper thyroid (normal). Women with type I diabetes have a 25% risk of thyroid disorder after childbirth.

Causes of hypothyroidism
* Loss of thyroid tissue: a result of surgery or damaged by radiation.
* Antithyroid antibodies: can occur in people with diabetes or lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, chronic hepatitis, or Sjogren's syndrome.
* Congenital birth
* Impaired production: Hashimoto's thyroiditis.
* Drugs: some drugs can cause hypothyroidism such as lithium (Eskalith, Lithobid).

Causes of hyperthyroidism
* Grave's disease: a disorder of thyroid auto-immune nature, meaning that there are certain substances in the blood (TSI) which stimulates thyrod to enlarge and produce excessive hormones.

* Inflammation of the thyroid gland (thyroiditis): eg Quervain's thyroiditis or Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Increased production of the hormone due to an inflammatory reaction (inflammation).

* Tumor pituitary gland (pituitary adenomas): a tumor is causing an increase in TSH (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone) that causes the thyroid hyperstimulasi.

* Hyperthyroidism due obat2an (drug induced): often caused by a heart drug called amiodarone (Cordarone). Could be prevented by strict monitoring of drug side effects and to consider the pros and cons of this drug user.

Gejala2 hypothyroidism in infants:
* Constipation (difficulty BAB)
* Gak want to eat
* Disturbance of growth
* Yellow
* kind of heavy fatigue

Gejala2 hypothyroidism on anak2:
* Similar symptoms of adult org
* Tired
* Disturbance of growth
* really at school

Symptoms of hypothyroidism in adults:
Initial
* Easily tired and fatigue
* stand the cold
* Constipation
* Pain in the arm (Carpal tunnel syndrome)

Continue
* Lack of appetite
* The addition of BB
* Dry skin
* Hair loss
* Decrease in intellectual
* Hoarseness
* Depression
* Disorders of menstruation or menstruation becomes less

Symptoms of hyperthyroidism on anak2:
* Similar symptoms adult
* Skill decreased
* Disturbance of conduct

Symptoms of hyperthyroidism in adults:
* Difficult to sleep (Insomnia)
* Tremor (Shaking)
* Nervous (Nervous)
* Feeling the heat at normal temperature or chilled
* Increased bowel movement
* Weight loss
* Excessive Perspiration
* Menstrual Disorders (stalled)
* Joint pain
* Difficult concentration
* Eyes seemed bulging

Lab Examination
* Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH): If the hyper then TSH levels are usually low.
* Free (T4): T4 shows a hyper high.
* Triiodothyronine (T3): T3 shows a hyper high.
* TSH receptor antibodies (TSI): This antibody is in Grave's disease.
* Antithyroid antibodies: antibodies are present in Hashimoto's and Grave's disease.

Thyroid scan: This test not be performed on pregnant women. A number of iodine injected into the blood, thyroid gland if done scanning. If the uptake was increased then indicate the presence of hyperthyroidism.

Thyroid ultrasound: help distinguish type nodules on the thyroid gland.

Fine-needle aspiration: a small needle is stuck into the thyroid gland with the aim of obtaining a sample examination of the PA.

Obat2an for hyperthyroid
* Beta-blockers: reduce tremor, nervousness and agitation. Also reduce the frequency of the heartbeat.

* Propylthiouracil (PTU): These drugs block the formation of hormones thyroid. require take several months to obtain a therapeutic effect is perfect.

* Methimazole (Tapazole): it works also block formation of thyroid hormones.

* Iodide (Lugol solution): These drugs inhibit the release of hormones from glands who over-production.

Obat2 for hypothyroid
* L-thyroxine (Synthroid, Levoxyl, Levothroid, Unithroid): ioni medication is thyroid hormone replacement therapy. Is a synthetic form of thyroxine.

* L-triiodothyronine: rarely used because of its effect not as good as L-thyroxine.

* Thyroid extract: not recommended due to its more T3 and T3/T4 levels may vary.

Surgery
Surgery for hyperthyroidism is to lift / throw an enlarged thyroid tissue. The risk of this action that could damage the nerve cords and the thyroid gland (which regulates the body's calcium levels). Hypothyroidism can also result from the action. If there is persistent hyperthyroidism then the entire gland should be removed. But in the hands of an experienced surgeon, complications are rare above.